1. Why is it necessary to know English today? Since English is an international language and it can be said that it has become part of the modern generation.
2. English is a world language isn’t it? Yes English world language.
3 How many people speak English? One billion people speak English today.
4. In what countries is English the official language (one of the official languages)? English is the first language in the United Kingdom, the United States of America, Australia and New Zealand. It is one of the official languages in Canada, the Irish Republic and the Republic of South Africa.
5. Is English popular in Russia? 57% of Russians speak a foreign language at least at the minimum level. As a rule, only 38% of Russians know English.
6. Is learning languages an easy thing? If there is someone next to you to help you, nothing difficult will be
7. When did you begin learning English? I started learning English from the third grade
8. How long have you been learning English? I started learning English in third grade, I am still learning English
9. Have you read any books in English? I have not read it, but I would like to.
10. Have you seen any films in English? Yes, I have watched films in English. In my opinion, it helps a lot in learning English.
1 1 . Have you ever visited an English-speaking country? No, I haven’t been to cities like this
12. What other languages would you like to know? I would like to know Spanish or Italian
A halophyte is a salt-tolerant plant that grows in soil or waters of high salinity, coming into contact with saline water through its roots or by salt spray, such as in saline semi-deserts, mangrove swamps, marshes and sloughs and seashores. The word derives from Ancient Greek ἅλας (halas) ‘salt’ and φυτόν (phyton) ‘plant’. An example of a halophyte is the salt marsh grass Spartina alterniflora (smooth cordgrass). Relatively few plant species are halophytes—perhaps only 2% of all plant species. The large majority of plant species are glycophytes, which are not salt-tolerant and are damaged fairly easily by high salinity.
One quantitative measure of salt tolerance (halotolerance) is the total dissolved solids in irrigation water that a plant can tolerate. Seawater typically contains 40 grams per litre (g/l) of dissolved salts (mostly sodium chloride). Beans and rice can tolerate about 1–3 g/l, and are considered glycophytes (as are most crop plants). At the other extreme, Salicornia bigelovii (dwarf glasswort) grows well at 70 g/l of dissolved solids, and is a promising halophyte for use as a crop. Plants such as barley (Hordeum vulgare) and the date palm (Phoenix dactylifera) can tolerate about 5 g/l, and can be considered as marginal halophytes.
Adaptation to saline environments by halophytes may take the form of salt tolerance or salt avoidance. Plants that avoid the effects of high salt even though they live in a saline environment may be referred to as facultative halophytes rather than ‘true’, or obligatory, halophytes.Pneumatophores of Grey mangrove
For example, a short-lived plant species that completes its reproductive life cycle during periods (such as a rainy season) when the salt concentration is low would be avoiding salt rather than tolerating it. Or a plant species may maintain a ‘normal’ internal salt concentration by excreting excess salts through its leaves, by way of a hydathode, or by concentrating salts in leaves that later die and drop off.
In an effort to improve agricultural production in regions where crops are exposed to salinity, research is focused on improving understanding of the various mechanisms whereby plants respond to salinity stress, so that more robust crop halophytes may be developed. Adaptive responses to salinity stress have been identified at molecular, cellular, metabolic, and physiological levels.
Terian was born in the Gandza village (განძანი) of Javakheti region of Georgia (then in Russian Empire). Schooled in Tiflis, he then studied at the Lazarian College in Moscow, where he was exposed to symbolism and joined the Russian Social Democrats. He was jailed by Czarist police for his political activity. He is mostly known for his poems dedicated to autumn and love. That’s why Teryan is known as “Singer of Autumn” in Literature. He published his first book of poems, “Dreams at Dusk”, in 1908, which made him an immediate sensation, Hovhannes Tumanian calling him the most original lyric poet of his age. He later published “Night Remembrance”, “The Golden Legend”, “The Return”, “The Golden Link”, “In the Land of Nairi” (where he substitute the word ‘Nairi’ for each instance where the word ‘Armenia’ would have suited), and “The Cat’s Paradise”. His poems are filled with images of rain, mist, pallid fields and shapeless shadows, symbols of sorrow, despair and eventually, peace.
In 1913, Terian left Moscow University for the University of St. Petersburg, where he majored in oriental languages, intensifying his political involvement. After the revolution he became representative of Armenians in the Ministry of Nations, personally working with Lenin and Stalin. In 1916, Vahan Terian published a collection of poems entitled Land of Nairi (in Armenian: (Yerkir Nairi), in which he uses Nairi in place of Armenia. Likewise in 1923, Yeghishe Charents wrote a satirical novella entitled Land of Nairi, using once again Nairi as a synonym for Armenia. Hayastan Yeghiazarian used Nairi Zarian as his pen name, replacing his first name, Hayastan (which is what Armenians call Armenia in their own language since the Late Middle Ages) with Nairi.
He died in Orenburg of tuberculosis shortly before his 35th birthday. He was buried there and the grave had been marked by a wooden cross, which was quickly forgotten and the exact spot lost. In 1964 soil from the Orenburg cemetery was brought to Yerevan by Terian’s daughter and buried in the Komitas Pantheon with a cenotaph was placed.
Each year there is a commemoration of his life in Javakhk region at Gandza village where he was born.
Komitas (a.k.a. Soghomon Soghomonyan) was born on September 26 (on October 8 in the Old Calendar) 1869, in Kütahya (known also as Koutina) town, Ottoman Empire. Komitas’s ancestors migrated to Kütahya from Goghtn Province of Historical Armenia at the turn of the 17th century. His father, Gevorg Soghomonyan, and his mother, Taguhi Hovhannisyan, had delightful voices gifted by nature. The songs composed by them were loved in the musical life of Kütahya. Komitas’s mother passed away in 1870, and his father passed away in 1880. The paternal grandmother took care of the orphaned child and, after her death, the aunt looked after him. In 1876 – 1880, Komitas entered the 4 year Elementary School of Kütahya and then he continued his education at the college of Broosa, a city not far from Kütahya.
In 1881, Gevorg Vartapet Derdzakyan, who was the local prelate of Kütahya, took his way to the Mother See of Holy Etchmiadzin, the spiritual centre of Armenia, to be ordained bishop. Following the pontifical encyclical of Gevorg the IV, the Catholicos of All Armenians, Gevorg Vardapet had to bring an orphan boy with delightful voice to Etchmiadzin to get enrolled at the Gevorgian Seminary. 11 year old Soghomon was selected out of the other 20 orphans.
The exceptional musical abilities of Soghomon were revealed during the study years at the Gevorgian Seminary (1881-1893). He studied theoretical and practical disciplines of Armenian sacred music under the supervision of Sahak Vartapet Amatuni. Gradually, he initiated collecting and arranging Armenian folk songs and made his first attempts to compose music.
In 1890, Komitas was ordained Deacon. After finishing the spiritual studies he was appointed as a music teacher at the Seminary. In 1894, he was ordained Archimandrite and got the name Komitas in honor of Komitas I Aghtsetsi, the Armenian Catholicos of the 7th century, a musician and author of sharakans (Armenian hymns of church music). In 1895, he was ordained the spiritual scientific degree of Vardapet.
In 1895 – 1896, Komitas studied the principles of harmony with the Armenian composer Makar Yekmalyan in Tiflis (nowadays Tbilisi, Georgia). In 1896, Komitas left for Berlin to continue his education. The tuition fee was awarded by Alexander Mantashyan, the oil explorer and philanthropist. In 1899, Komitas graduated from the Department of Philosophy of Frederick William University (nowadays Humboldt University) and Richard Schmidt’s private conservatory. Komitas got the erudition of the renowned musicologists of his time, among them Oskar Fleischer, Henrich Bellermann and Max Friedlander. In 1899, Komitas became the founder member of the new established International Music Society. He presented papers on his research, made reports, gave talks and lectures on Armenian music at the conferences of the International Music Society.
Returning Etchmiadzin, Komitas became engaged in music-social activities. He collected and transcribed Armenian folk and church songs and melodies and studied them, presenting the results of his explorations in the form of articles and lectures. He toured many times with the choir of the Etchmiadzin Seminary with concerts in Etschmiadzin, Yerevan, Tiflis (now Tbilisi) and Baku. He was devotedly and systematically working on deciphering the khaz notation of Armenian medieval music culture. Komitas presented his research on Armenian music in the form of lectures and lecture-recitals in a number of European and Eastern cities: Paris, Berlin, Zurich, Geneva, Lausanne, Venice, Alexandria, Cairo etc. He was highly appreciated by the audience and by the prominent people of his time period, among them being Lois Laloy, Romain Rolland, Claude Debussy, Peter Wagner etc.
In 1907 in Paris the first collection of works by Komitas was published, which included solo and choral arrangements of Armenian folk songs. In Autumn, 1910 Komitas moved to Constantinople expecting more favorable conditions for his activities. He founded a choir named Gousan after Armenian medieval singers, which was consisted of as many as 300 singers. He toured much with this choir. At the same time, Komitas continued his research and pedagogical activities, published articles and presented papers at international events.
In 1912, Komitas’s ‹‹Հայ գեղջուկ երգեր›› (Armenian Peasant Music) was published in Leipzig, which comprised his vocal and choral arrangements of Armenian folk songs. In 1914, Komitas participated in the Fifth Conference of the International Music Society in Paris with three papers on Armenian folk music, Armenian sacred chant, and Armenian notation. Patarag (The Divine Liturgy) composed for the male choir was the creative achievement of this period.
The Armenian Genocide planned and perpetrated by the Ottoman Empire in 1915 tragically interrupted the creative life of the musician. He was arrested and exiled together with the Armenian intellectuals from Constantinople. In a few days, Komitas was released back from the exile according to the intervention of the US Ambassador in the Ottoman Empire Henry Morgenthau. However, Komitas lost his mental balance because of the suffered crimes and terminated his creative activities.
In 1916 – 1919, Komitas was treated in the psychiatric hospital in the Shishli quarter of Constantinople. The last sixteen years of his life Komitas spent in the psychiatric clinics of Ville-Évrard and Villejuif in Paris. Komitas Vartapet passed away on October 22, 1935 in Paris. The next year his ashes were transferred to Yerevan and buried in the Pantheon of the Armenian cultural protagonists, which is now named after Komitas.
My friend is different in character. He is kind, independent, smart, principled. No one can be bored with him. He becomes unbearable when he is angry, I trust him. He can solve any problem, he is strong not only physically, but he can bring any idea to life with his mind, it is impossible to break it. He is very meticulous, he is careful. He cares about me, I appreciate him.
Napoleon Bonaparte born Napoleone di Buonaparte byname “Le Corse” (The Corsican) or “Le Petit Caporal” (The Little Corporal), was a French statesman and military leader who became notorious as an artillery commander during the French Revolution. He led many successful campaigns during the French Revolutionary Wars and was Emperor of the French as Napoleon I from 1804 until 1814 and again briefly in 1815 during the Hundred Days. Napoleon dominated European and global affairs for more than a decade while leading France against a series of coalitions during the Napoleonic Wars. He won many of these wars and a vast majority of his battles, building a large empire that ruled over much of continental Europe before its final collapse in 1815. He is regarded as one of the greatest military commanders in history, and his wars and campaigns are studied at military schools worldwide. Napoleon’s political and cultural legacy has made him one of the most celebrated and controversial leaders in human history.
Corsican by birth, Napoleon was born into a relatively modest family of Italian origin a few months after the island was annexed by the Kingdom of France. He was serving as an artillery officer in the French Royal Army when the French Revolution erupted in 1789. He rapidly rose through the ranks of the military, seizing the new opportunities presented by the Revolution and becoming a general at age 24. The French Directory eventually gave him command of the Army of Italy after he suppressed the 13 Vendémiaire revolt against the government by royalist insurgents. At age 26, he began his first military campaign against the Austrians and the Italian monarchs aligned with the Habsburgs—winning virtually every battle, conquering the Italian Peninsula in a year while establishing “sister republics” with local support, and becoming a war hero in France.
In 1798, he led a military expedition to Egypt that served as a springboard to political power. He orchestrated a coup in November 1799 and became First Consul of the Republic. After the Peace of Amiens in 1802, Napoleon turned his attention to France’s colonies. He sold the Louisiana Territory to the United States, and he attempted to restore slavery to the French Caribbean colonies. However, while he was successful in restoring slavery in the eastern Caribbean, Napoleon failed in his attempts to subdue Saint-Domingue, and the colony that France once proudly boasted of as the “Pearl of the Antilles” became independent as Haiti in 1804. Napoleon’s ambition and public approval inspired him to go further, and he became the first Emperor of the French in 1804. Intractable differences with the British meant that the French were facing a Third Coalition by 1805. Napoleon shattered this coalition with decisive victories in the Ulm Campaign and a historic triumph over the Russian Empire and Austrian Empire at the Battle of Austerlitz which led to the dissolution of the Holy Roman Empire.
Napoleon formed the Franco-Persian alliance and wanted to re-establish the Franco-Indian alliances with the Muslim Indian emperor Tipu Sultan by providing a French-trained army during the Anglo-Mysore Wars, with the continuous aim of having an eventual open way to attack the British in India. In 1806, the Fourth Coalition took up arms against him because Prussia became worried about French continental expansion. Napoleon quickly defeated Prussia at the battles of Jena and Auerstedt, then marched his Grande Armée deep into Eastern Europe and annihilated the Russians in June 1807 at the Battle of Friedland. France then forced the defeated nations of the Fourth Coalition to sign the Treaties of Tilsit in July 1807, bringing an uneasy peace to the continent. Tilsit signified the high-water mark of the French Empire. In 1809, the Austrians and the British challenged the French again during the War of the Fifth Coalition, but Napoleon solidified his grip over Europe after triumphing at the Battle of Wagram in July.
Napoleon then occupied the Iberian Peninsula, hoping to extend the Continental System and choke off British trade with the European mainland, and declared his brother Joseph Bonaparte the King of Spain in 1808. The Spanish and the Portuguese revolted with British support. The Peninsular War lasted six years, featured extensive guerrilla warfare, and ended in victory for the Allies in 1814. The Continental System caused recurring diplomatic conflicts between France and its client states, especially Russia. The Russians were unwilling to bear the economic consequences of reduced trade and routinely violated the Continental System, enticing Napoleon into another war. The French launched a major invasion of Russia in the summer of 1812. The campaign destroyed Russian cities, but did not yield the decisive victory Napoleon wanted. It resulted in the collapse of the Grande Armée and inspired a renewed push against Napoleon by his enemies.
In 1813, Prussia and Austria joined Russian forces in the War of the Sixth Coalition against France. A lengthy military campaign culminated in a large Allied army defeating Napoleon at the Battle of Leipzig in October 1813, but his tactical victory at the minor Battle of Hanau allowed retreat onto French soil. The Allies then invaded France and captured Paris in the spring of 1814, forcing Napoleon to abdicate in April. He was exiled to the island of Elba off the coast of Tuscany, and the Bourbon dynasty was restored to power. Napoleon escaped from Elba in February 1815 and took control of France once again. The Allies responded by forming a Seventh Coalition which defeated him at the Battle of Waterloo in June. The British exiled him to the remote island of Saint Helena in the South Atlantic, where he died six years later at the age of 51.
Napoleon’s influence on the modern world brought liberal reforms to the numerous territories that he conquered and controlled, such as the Low Countries, Switzerland, and large parts of modern Italy and Germany. He implemented fundamental liberal policies in France and throughout Western Europe. His Napoleonic Code has influenced the legal systems of more than 70 nations around the world. British historian Andrew Roberts states: “The ideas that underpin our modern world—meritocracy, equality before the law, property rights, religious toleration, modern secular education, sound finances, and so on—were championed, consolidated, codified and geographically extended by Napoleon. To them he added a rational and efficient local administration, an end to rural banditry, the encouragement of science and the arts, the abolition of feudalism and the greatest codification of laws since the fall of the Roman Empire”.
The paternal ancestors of Napoleon, the Buonapartes, descended from a minor Tuscan noble family that emigrated to Corsica in the 16th century; while his maternal ancestors, the Ramolinos, descended from a minor Genoese noble family.”I am more of an Italian, or Tuscan, than a Corsican” Napoleon was to say and many descendants of the Italian colonists in Corsica considered themselves as such, but nothing in fact connected them to the villages they considered the “homeland”, the land their ancestors had left to take up residence in Corsican cities. They may have presented themselves as continental out of a desire for honor and distinction, but this does not prove they really were as foreign as they themselves often imagined. We might say that they grew all the more attached to their Italian origins as they moved further and further away from them, becoming ever more deeply integrated into Corsican society through marriages. This was as true of the Buonapartes as of anyone else related to the Genoese and Tuscan nobilities by virtue of titles that were, to tell the truth, suspect. The Buonapartes were also the relatives, by marriage and by birth, of the Pietrasentas, Costas, Paraviccinis, and Bonellis, all Corsican families of the interior. His parents Carlo Maria di Buonaparte and Maria Letizia Ramolino maintained an ancestral home called “Casa Buonaparte” in Ajaccio. Napoleon was born there on 15 August 1769, their fourth child and third son. A boy and girl were born first but died in infancy. He had an elder brother, Joseph, and younger siblings Lucien, Elisa, Louis, Pauline, Caroline, and Jérôme. Napoleon was baptised as a Catholic. In his youth, his name was also spelled as Nabulione, Nabulio, Napolionne, and Napulione.
Napoleon was born the same year the Republic of Genoa ceded Corsica to France.The state sold sovereign rights a year before his birth in 1768, and the island was conquered by France during the year of his birth and formally incorporated as a province in 1770, after 500 years under Genoese rule and 14 years of independence. Napoleon’s parents fought against the French to maintain independence even when Maria was pregnant with him. But his father was an attorney who went on to be named Corsica’s representative to the court of Louis XVI in 1777.
The dominant influence of Napoleon’s childhood was his mother, whose firm discipline restrained a rambunctious child. Later in life Napoleon stated, “The future destiny of the child is always the work of the mother.” Napoleon’s maternal grandmother had married into the Swiss Fesch family in her second marriage, and Napoleon’s uncle, the cardinal Joseph Fesch, would fulfill a role as protector of the Bonaparte family for some years. Napoleon’s noble, moderately affluent background afforded him greater opportunities to study than were available to a typical Corsican of the time.
When he turned 9 years old, he moved to the French mainland and enrolled at a religious school in Autun in January 1779. In May, he transferred with a scholarship to a military academy at Brienne-le-Château. In his youth he was an outspoken Corsican nationalist and supported the state’s independence from France. Like many Corsicans, Napoleon spoke and read Corsican (as his mother tongue) and Italian (as the official language of Corsica). He began learning French in school at around age 10. Although he became fluent in French, he spoke with a distinctive Corsican accent and never learned how to spell French correctly. He was, however, not an isolated case, as it was estimated in 1790 that fewer than 3 million people, out of France’s population of 28 million, were able to speak standard French, and those who could write it were even fewer.
Napoleon was routinely bullied by his peers for his accent, birthplace, short stature, mannerisms and inability to speak French quickly. Bonaparte became reserved and melancholy applying himself to reading. An examiner observed that Napoleon “has always been distinguished for his application in mathematics. He is fairly well acquainted with history and geography … This boy would make an excellent sailor”. In early adulthood, he briefly intended to become a writer; he authored a history of Corsica and a romantic novella.
On completion of his studies at Brienne in 1784, Napoleon was admitted to the École Militaire in Paris. He trained to become an artillery officer and, when his father’s death reduced his income, was forced to complete the two-year course in one year. He was the first Corsican to graduate from the École Militaire. He was examined by the famed scientist Pierre-Simon Laplace.
Ռուսթավ (վրացերեն՝ რუსთავი), քաղաք Վրաստանի հարավային մասում, Քուռ գետի ափերին, 25 կիլոմետր հեռավորության վրա Թբիլիսիից։ Հայկական աղբյուրներում քաղաքը երբեմն կոչվում էր Ոստան քաղաք։ Ըստ լեգենդի՝ հին Ռուսթավ քաղաքը հիմնադրել է վրացիների նախահայր Քարթլոսի այրին և ի սկզբանե Բոստան Քալաքի անվանում է ստացել: Քաղաքի հիմնադրման իրական թվականը անհայտ է, սակայն արդեն մ.թ. IV — V դարերում այստեղ կար բերդ, տաճար և ոռոգիչ ջրանցքներ։ Քաղաքը ապրել է իր ծաղկման շրջանը Թամար թագուհու օրոք։ Մոտավորապես 1236 թվականին քաղաքը ամբողջությամբ ավերել են մոնղոլները: Նոր քաղաքը հիմնադրված է եղել 1948 թվականին հին Ռուսթավի սկզբնական վայրի մոտ, քանի որ կառուցվում էր խոշոր մետաղագործական գործարան։
Նախադասություններ დღეს ოთხშაბათია- այսօր չորեքշաբթի է֊ դղես օթխշաբաթիա Երեկ մենք սովորեցինք հաշվել վրացերենով֊გუშინ ვისწავლეთ ქართულად დათვლა
Ես սովորում եմ վրացերեն֊მე ვსწავლობდი ქართული Թվեր֊ნომრები Սովորեցինք֊ვისწავლეთ֊ վիսծավլեթ Վրացերեն֊ ქართული֊ քարթուլի Վրացերենով֊ ქართულად ֊քարթուլադ Հաշվել֊დათვლა֊ դաթվլա
Վրացերենի այբուբենում կան 33 տառեր, 28 բաղաձայն, 5 ձայնավոր: Այբուբենը շատ նման է հայերենի այբուբենին դե խոսքը գրելաձևի մասին չէ, այլ նրա, որ մեզ մոտ կա 39 տառ իսկ այնտեղ՝ 33 բայց գրեթե բոլոր տառերը նունն է միայն 6 տառ, որ կան մեզ մոտ չկան, այնտեղ դրանք են՝ ե, ռ, յ, ո, ը, ֆ տառերը. Սակայն այնտեղ կա մի տառ որ չկա մեզ մոտ կղ (y) տառը: Վրացերենի այբուբենում չկան մեծատառեր, ինչը մեր գործը ավելի է հեշտացնում: Ինչ վերաբերվում է թե ով է վրացական այբուբենը ստեղծել, այդ մասին հստակ ոչինչ ասել չեմ կարող, քանի որ ամեն մեկը մի բան է ասում. Հայ աղբյուրները վկայում են, որ Մեսրոպ Մաշտոցն է ստեղծել վրացերենի այբուբենը և անկեղծ ասած ես ավելի հակված եմ հենց այս տարբերակը ճիշտ համարելուն, քանի որ այսքան նման այբուբեն՝ որ հայերի և վրացիների այբուբենն է իրոք մեկ հոգու ձեռագիր է, բայց վրացիները վիրավորվում են երբ ասում ենք, որ հայերն են ստեղծել նրանց այբուբենը, այդ պատճառով խուսափում եմ իմ ալիքում խոսել այդ մասին, չնայած, որ պատմությունը ևս դա է փաստում, Բայցևայնպես, չխորանանք այս հարցի մեջ, քանզի մեր նպատակը լեզուն սովորելն է:
Man still has a lot to learn about the most powerful and complex part of his body – brain.
In ancient times men did not think that the brain was the center of mental activity. Aristotle, the philosopher of ancient Greece, thought that the mind was based in the heart. It was until the 18th century that man realized that the whole of the brain was involved in the workings of the mind.
During the 19th century scientists found that when certain parts of the brain were damaged men lost the ability to do certain things. And so, people thought that each part of the brain controlled a different activity. But modern research has found that this is not so.It is not easy to say exactly what each part of the brain does.
In the past 50 years there has been a great increase in the amount of research being done on the brain. Chemists and biologists have found that the way the brain works is far more complicated than they had thought. In fact many people believe thatwe are only now really starting to learn the truth about how human brain works. The more scientists find out, the more questions they are unable to answer. For instance, chemists have found that over 100.000 chemical reactions take place in the brain every second.
Scientists hope if we can discover how the brain works, the better use we will be able to put it to. For example, how do we learn language? Man differs most from all the other animals in his ability to learn and use language but we still do not know exactly how this is done.
As long as the brain is given plenty of exercise it keeps its power. It has been found that an old person who has always been mentally active has a quicker mind than a young person who has done only physical work. It is now thought that the more work we give our brains, the more work they are able to do.
Other people now believe that we use only 1% of our brains’ full potential.They say that the only limit on the power of the brain is the limit of what we think is possible. This is probably because of the way we are taught as children. When we first start learning to use our minds we are told told what to do, for example, to remember certain facts, but we are not taught how our memory works and how to make the best use of it.
This century man hs made discoveries about the universe – the world outside himself. But he has also started to look into the workings of that other universe which is inside himself – the human brain.
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